The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, the disease that paralyzed the entire world and has made a mess on the global economy is capable of causing structural damage in the Central Nervous System according to a study conducted in China and published by Elsevier in early august. As is known, the most common symptoms of this entity are: fever, cough, sneezing, sore throat, respiratory distress and in a minor scale, myalgia and gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea.
However, there is more into it: neurological symptoms have been described in patients diagnosed with coronavirus. The most popular of them is the anosmia or smell loss, but in patients with more severe clinical conditions, dizziness, headache and impaired consciousness has been observed. In some European hospitals, it was possible to isolate SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid, while other works have documented the association of COVID-19 with stroke, encephalitis, cerebral hemorrhages and cerebral venous embolism.
Other scientists have demonstrated by means of pathological methods and post-mortem that the virus is able to cause demyelination, which means degeneration of the neurons structure, accelerating brain aging and neurodegenerative pathologies. This study carried out on the Funyang District, was a comparation between a group of persons diagnosed and recovered from COVID-19 and a group of non-COVID-19 volunteers.
Unlike previous works, the system nervous exploration was in-vivo, through structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. This technic is sensitive to the diffusion of water molecules, which allows the build of tridimensional images of the organs in study, as well as determining Mean Diffusivity (MD) and Fractional Anisotropy (FA), markers of white matter injury. This imaging method makes possible to compare every brain component between both groups and their possible structural change.
The Casuistry showed that the group of patients with positive diagnosis (positive PCR), presented neurologic symptoms while hospitalized (between January and February), such as mood change, fatigue, headache, vision change, myalgia, impaired mobility, memory loss, and to a lesser extent, but equally present: taste loss, limb numbness, tremor, smell and hearing loss.
The Magnetic Resonance Imaging, performed three months after the medical discharge, yielded interesting results. On the first place, a growth of the global Grey Matter Volume (GMV) and an alteration in the Mean Diffusivity and the Fractional Anisotropy of the white matter in the COVID-19 group was demonstrated. These findings document a long-term micro-structural changes and white matter lesions present in patients with more than three months recovered.
The brain regions in which an increase of volume was observed were: the Rolandic operculum, the cingulate, the hippocampus and the Heschl’s gyrus, these were statistically correlated with the smell and memory loss. Although the nervous dissemination is possible through the hematogenous or lymphatic way, the enlargement of the olfactory cortex associated to the presence of anosmia in the early stages of the disease, provides evidence that the virus invades the central nervous system through the olfactory bulb with its subsequent dissemination to the rest of the system using the neuro retrograde way.
Now, what would explain the increase in volume? First, neurogenesis is suspected to occur; neuroblasts, cells responsible for restoring nerve structures, migrate to the olfactory bulb and replace interneurons affected by SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, as a compensatory response to the suppression of the olfactory function and other nervous functions, there is an elongation of neurons and an increase of dendritic spines, thus causing hypertrophy in some brain areas. Therefore, these two reasons could explain the global increase of gray matter volume observed in the imaging studies.
Despite having a limited sample, this paper provides new insights into the long-term neurological sequelae of COVID-19, highlighting the microstructural alterations perpetrated by SARS-CoV-2 in the brain. Eight months after the start of the pandemic, its behavior and its repercussions on all systems of the human body are still being discovered. As of the writing date of this article, no effective treatment has been approved. However, the panorama of vaccines is more hopeful, the most advanced projects promise effective doses for this year.
Reference
Yiping Lu, Xuanxuan Li, Daoying Geng, Et al, Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients – An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study, EClinicalMedicine, 2020